Business Strategy Essay Example for Free

Business Strategy Essay In 2006, Starbucks’, the omnipresent espresso retailer, shut a time of amazing money related execution. Deals had expanded from $697 million to $7.8 billion and net benefits from $36 million to $540 million. In 2006, Starbucks’ was gaining an arrival on contributed capital of 25.5%, which was amazing by any measure, and the organization was determined to keep developing income and keep up high benefits all the way to the finish of the decade. How did this come to fruition? Thirty years back Starbucks was a solitary store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium cooked espresso. Today it is a worldwide roaster and retailer of espresso with in excess of 12,000 retail locations, somewhere in the range of 3,000 of which are to be found in 40 nations outside the United States. Starbucks Corporation set out on its present course during the 1980s when the company’s chief of showcasing, Howard Schultz, returned from an excursion to Italy captivated with the Italian café experience. Schultz, who later became CEO, convinced the company’s proprietors to try different things with the café formatâ€and the Starbucks experience was conceived. Schultz’s essential understanding was that individuals did not have a â€Å"third place† among home and work where they could have their very own break, meet with companions, unwind, and have a feeling of social event. The plan of action that advanced out of this was to sell the company’s own premium simmered espresso, alongside newly blended coffee style espresso refreshments, an assortment of baked goods, espresso embellishments, teas, and different items, in a café setting. The organization committed, and keeps on giving, significant regard for the plan of its stores, in order to make a casual, casual and agreeable air. Hidden this methodology was a conviction that Starbucks was selling undeniably more than espresso †it was selling an encounter. The superior value that Starbucks charged fo r its espresso mirrored this reality. From the start, Schultz additionally centered around giving prevalent client care in stores. Thinking that roused workers give the best client support, Starbucks administrators created representative recruiting and preparing programs that were the best in the eatery business. Today, all Starbucks workers are required to go to instructional courses that show them not just how to make a decent mug of espresso, yet additionally the administration arranged estimations of the organization. Past this, Starbucks gave dynamic pay strategies that gave even low maintenance representatives investment opportunity awards and health advantages †an inventive methodology in an industry where most workers are low maintenance, procure the lowest pay permitted by law and have no advantages. Not at all like numerous café networks, which extended quickly through diversifying plan once they have built up an essential equation that seems to work, Schultz accepted that Starbucks expected to claim its stores. In spite of the fact that it has explored different avenues regarding diversifying game plans in certain nations, and a few circumstances in the United States, for example, at air terminals, the organization despite everything wants to possess its own stores at whatever point conceivable. This equation met with fantastic achievement in the United States, where Starbucks went from indefinite quality to extraordinary compared to other known brands in the nation in 10 years. As it developed, Starbucks found that it was producing a colossal volume of rehash business. Today the normal client comes into a Starbucks’ store around 20 times each month. The clients themselves are a genuinely all around recuperated bunch †their normal salary is about $80,000. As the organization developed, it began to build up an advanced area procedure. Point by point segment examination was utilized to distinguish the best areas for Starbuck’s stores. The organization extended quickly to catch however many premium areas as could reasonably be expected before imitators. Bewildering numerous onlookers, Starbucks would even here and there find stores on inverse corners of the equivalent occupied road †with the goal that it could catch traffic going various bearings down the road. By 1995 with right around 700 stores over the United States, Starbucks started investigating outside circumstances. First stop was Japan, where Starbucks demonstrated that the fundamental incentive could be applied to an alternate social setting (there are presently 600 stores in Japan). Next, Starbucks set out upon a fast advancement methodology in Asia and Europe. By 2001, the magazine Brandchannel named Starbucks’ one the ten most significant worldwide brands, a position it has held from that point forward. Be that as it may, this is just the start. In late 2006, with 12,000 stores in activity, the organization declared that its drawn out objective was to have 40,000 stores around the world. Looking forward, it expects half of all new store openings to be outside of the United.i Case Discussion Questions 1. What practical procedures at Starbucks’ help the organization to accomplish unrivaled money related execution? 2. Recognize the assets, capacities and unmistakable abilities of Starbucks? 3. How do Starbucks’ assets, capacities and unmistakable abilities convert into unrivaled money related execution? 4. For what reason do you think Starbucks’ likes to claim its own stores at whatever point conceivable? 5. How secure is Starbucks’ serious advantage?What are the obstructions to impersonation here? !Sources: Starbucks 10K, different years; C. McLean, â€Å"Starbucks Set to Invade Coffee-Loving Continent,† Seattle Times, October 4, 2000, p. E1; J. Ordonez, â€Å"Starbucks to Start Major Expansion in Overseas Market,† Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2000, p. B10; S. Homes and D. Bennett, â€Å"Planet Starbucks,† Business Week, September 9, 2002, pp 99â€110; J. Batsell, â€Å"A Bean Counters Dream,† Seattle Times, March 28th, 2004, page E1; Staff Reporter, â€Å"Boss Talk: it’s a Grande Latte World†, Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2003, page B1. States. C. Harris, â€Å"Starbucks beats gauges, diagrams development plans†, Seattle Post Intelligencer, October fifth, 2006, page C1

Grapes Of Wrath By Steinbeck (1133 words) Essay Example For Students

Grapes Of Wrath By Steinbeck (1133 words) Essay Grapes Of Wrath By SteinbeckThe Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that uncovered the desperateconditions under which the transient homestead groups of America during the 1930slive under. The epic recounts one families relocation west to California throughthe incredible financial downturn of the 1930s. The Joad family needed to abandontheir home and their vocations. They needed to evacuate and set untied becausetractors were quickly industrializing their homesteads. The bank took ownership oftheir land in light of the fact that the proprietors couldn't take care of their credit. The tale shows howthe Joad family manages moving to California. How they endure the remorselessness ofthe land proprietors that exploit them, their destitution and eagerness towork. The Grapes of Wrath joins Steinbeck reverence of the land, his simplehatred of defilement coming about because of realism (cash) and his standing confidence inthe average folks to conquer the unfriendly condition. The ta le opens with aretaining image of nature on frenzy. The epic shows the people thatare solid commonly. The topic is one of man refrains a threatening situation. His body annihilated however his soul isn't broken. The technique used to create thetheme of the novel is using imagery. There are a few uses ofsymbols in the novel from the turtle toward the starting to the downpour toward the end. Aseach image is introduced through the novel they show instances of the great andthe terrible things that exist inside the novel. The initial part paints a vividpicture of the circumstance confronting the dry season stricken ranchers of Oklahoma. Dustis portrayed a covering everything, covering the life out of anything thatwants to develop. The residue is representative of the disintegration of the lives of the individuals. The residue is interchangeable with deadness. The land is demolished ^way oflife (cultivating) gone, individuals ^uprooted and drove out. Besides, the duststands for ^profiteering banks out of sight that press the life out theland by constraining the individuals off the land. The dirt, the individuals (ranchers) havebeen depleted of life and are misused: The keep going precipitation fell on the red and graycountry of Oklahoma toward the beginning of May. The weeds turned into a dim green to protectthemselves from the suns unflinching rays.The wind became more grounded, uprootingthe debilitated corn, and the air turned out to be so loaded up with dust that the stars werenot noticeable around evening time. (Chp 1) As the part proceeds with a turtle, which appearsand returns a few times from the get-go in the novel, can be believed to stand forsurvival, a driving life power in all of humanity that can't be beaten by natureor man. The turtle speaks to an expectation that the outing towar d the west is survivable bythe rancher vagrants (Joad family). The turtle further speaks to the migrantsstruggles against nature/man by defeating each deterrent he experiences: the redant in his way, the truck driver who attempts to run over him, being caught inTom Joads coat: And now a light truck drew nearer, and as it drew close, thedriver saw the turtle and turned to hit it. The driver of the truck works for alarge organization, who attempt to prevent the vagrants from going west, when the driverattempts to hit the turtle it is another case of the huge amazing person tryingto level or execute the little person. Everything the turtle experiences trys itsbest to prevent the turtle from making its westerly excursion. Consistently the turtleadvances on, incidentally toward the southwest, the course of the mirgration ofpeople. The turtle is depicted as being enduring, antiquated, old and astute: hornyhead, yellowed toenails, indestructible high vault of a shell, entertaining old eyes . .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e , .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e .postImageUrl , .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e , .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e:hover , .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e:visited , .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e:active { border:0!important; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e:active , .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf77938e509 bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf77938e509bb18ce657dec206b7cf02e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Accountability Of Our Government Essay(Chp 1) The driver of the truck, red subterranean insect and Tom Joads coat are all symbolicof nature and man the attempt to prevent the turtle from proceeding with his journeywestward to the guarantee land. The turtle assists with building up the subject by showingits battle against life/contrasting it and the Joad battle against man. Thegrapes appear to represent both harshness and bounteousness. Grandpa the oldestmember of the Joad family discusses the grapes as images of bounty; all hisdescriptions of what he will do with the grapes in California suggestcontentment, opportunity, the o bjective for which the Joad family make progress toward: Im gonnalet the juice run down mama face, shower in the dammed grapes (Chp 4) The grapesthat are discussed by Grandpa help to expand the topic by indicating that nomatter how decent everything appears in California in all actuality their excellence isonly shallow, in their spirits they are spoiled. The spoiled center stanzas thebeautiful appearance. The willow tree that is situated on the Joads farmrepresents the Joad family. The willow is depicted as being steady and neverbending to the breeze or residue. The Joad family wouldn't like to move, they preferto remain on the land they experienced childhood with, much equivalent to the willow does. Thewillow adds to the subject by indicating the reluctance of the individuals to beremoved from their property by the banks. The last speaks to the power makingthem leave their homes. Both of these images help add to the topic byshowing a battle between one another. The tree battles aga inst nature in muchthe same way that the Joad family battles against the Bank and largecompanies. The downpours that comes toward the finish of the novel represent severalthings. Downpour in which is inordinate, with a particular goal in mind satisfies a pattern of thedust which is additionally over the top. In a manner nature has reestablished a parity and hasinitiated another development cycle. This connects to different instances of the rebirthidea in the closure, much in the manner in which the Joad family will develop once more. The raincontributes to the subject by demonstrating the pattern of nature that give a conclusionto the novel by indicating that life is an example of birth and passing. The downpour isanother case of nature against man, the downpour comes and floods the livingquarters of the Joads. The Joads attempt to stop the surge of their home by yetagain are constrained back when nature drops a tree making a surge of water ruintheir home compelling them to move. In inverse manner downpour can supportive to give lifeto plants that need it to live. Contingent upon which extraordinary the downpour is in, itcan be hurtful or supportive. This is valid for man, man can become both extremesbad or great relying upon his picking. All through the novel there are severalsymbols used to build up the topic man refrains an unfriendly domain. Each symbolused in the novel show instances of the two boundaries. Some speak to man, thatstruggles against the earth, others portray the feelingsof the vagrants. As every image is introduced sequentially through the novel,they meet up toward the conclusion to illustrate the conditions,treatment and sentiments the individuals (vagrants) as they make there venture throughthe novel toward the West.

The Financial Statement With the Continental Model Emphasizing Research Paper

The Financial Statement With the Continental Model Emphasizing Creditors Protection - Research Paper Example One down to earth distinction that comes quickly to mind because of the above components, is the diverse strategy for deterioration followed in the United Kingdom and Germany, which are at the furthest edges of the range. Though in the United Kingdom devaluation is resolved by custom with, â€Å"convention and realism, as opposed to correct rules†¦[determining] the technique for deterioration, assessments of the piece esteem and the normal length of life† (Ferrari L 2005). In Germany then again, charge guidelines set out every one of these perspectives in detail, ruling out subjectivity or control. Obviously, the budget reports of a similar organization arranged utilizing diverse bookkeeping practices would have various degrees of straightforwardness. The more straightforward the budget report, the higher the quality and the more its incentive to financial specialists and investors. Another distinction lies in the domain of open exposure. On the Continent, shareholdings a re probably going to be moved in the hands of a couple of institutional speculators like banks and contacts between the organization and the bank are probably going to be kept classified. While, when there are increasingly differing investors, open divulgence is progressively normal, permitting a more prominent number of individuals to asses the money related reasonability of an organization and its future possibilities and potential for development. These distinctions in bookkeeping rehearses, be that as it may, are an impediment in the inexorably globalized commercial center. Contrasts between bookkeeping frameworks make it hard to look at the general worth of an organization from an investor’s perspective, particularly when the financial specialist could well be from one more nation.

roman empire Essays (278 words) - Julio-Claudian Dynasty, Tiberius

In 27 B.C., Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus was granted the honorific title of Augustus by a declaration of the Senate. So started the Roman domain and the principate of the Julio-Claudians: Augustus (r. 27 B.C.?14 A.D.), Tiberius (r. 14?37 A.D.), Gaius Germanicus, known as Caligula (r. 37?41 A.D.), Claudius (r. 41?54 A.D.), and Nero (r. 54?68 A.D.). The Julio-Claudians, Roman nobles with an amazing family line, kept up Republican beliefs and wished to include the Senate and other Roman blue-bloods in the administration. This, be that as it may, inevitably prompted a decrease in the intensity of the Senate and the augmentation of supreme control through equestrian officials and magnificent freedmen. Harmony and flourishing were kept up in the areas and international strategy, particularly under Augustus and Tiberius, depended more on discretion than military power. With its outskirts secure and a steady focal government, the Roman domain delighted in a time of success, mechanical deve lopment, incredible accomplishments in expressions of the human experience, and prospering exchange and business. Under Caligula, much time and incomes were dedicated to lavish games and exhibitions, while under Claudius, the empire?and particularly Italy and Rome itself?benefited from the sovereign's regulatory changes and energy for open works programs. Royal development achieved colonization, urbanization, and augmentation of Roman citizenship in the territories. The succeeding ruler, Nero, was a specialist and benefactor of expressions of the human experience. He additionally expanded the outskirts of the realm, yet irritated the privileged and neglected to hold the dedication of the Roman armies. In the midst of insubordination and common war, the Julio-Claudian line reached an ignoble conclusion with Nero's self destruction in 68 A.D.

Corporate Income Taxes - Tax-Planning Client Letter on Irrevocable Research Paper

Corporate Income Taxes - Tax-Planning Client Letter on Irrevocable Trusts, Gift Tax, and Estate Tax - Research Paper Example n this case, he will have home and assessment contemplations as the piece of the advantage under unalterable trust won't be reflected in his expense commitments. By expelling a piece of the domain from all occurrences of proprietorship, my customer will viably expel them from his available bequest, Hosseini (2013). Moreover, the customer will be eased from charge commitments exuding from that piece of benefit under irreversible trust. In spite of the fact that charge law contrasts among ward, the granter won't be excluded from the previously mentioned charge alleviation on the off chance that he remains the trustee of the trust. The reality encompassing this case is that the unalterable trust has the two disadvantages and advantages in equivalent measures. With respect to the impediments, the trust can't be renounced, as the name recommend. Furthermore, it can't be altered to suit different considerations or rejections. Then again, the granter is excluded from different taxation rates including bequest and annual duties. These realities are huge for my customer in order to settle on a trustworthy choice. The issue in this lawful issue is that the granter is keen on building up a permanent trust for his two grandkids. For this situation, his advantage is two have the valuably get the salary from the domain to be disseminated to the two kids until they are 20 years old. For this situation, they are keen on knowing the advantages and disadvantages of taking this specific decision or rather to learn of other accessible channels that can be utilized to address their inclinations. Rules and guidelines overseeing home expense in America are cherished in the bequest and blessing demonstration of 2001 together with a different correction to the equivalent. The Act gives that bequests are exposed to tax assessment that is gazetted in the administration press in a given timeframe. For this situation, the expense is payable by the individual to which the domain in enrolled or the trustee, Frischmann (2008). This suggests my customer, as the enrolled proprietor, should transmit both the

Rate of adoption-quinoa cultivation in Hermiston, Oregon Essay

Pace of reception quinoa development in Hermiston, Oregon - Essay Example The yield has developed as one of the most nutritious grains. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) pronounce 2013 as a year to stamp the yield. countries has even assigned quinoa as â€Å"Super crop.† This examination centers around the presentation of Quinoa and expectation its pace of appropriation in Hermiston, Oregon zone There is almost no information among inhabitants of the territory with respect to the advantages they can harvest from developing the yield. Quinoa is a generally new yield in the United States since it has been essentially developed in South America. Quinoa is a grain yield and staple nourishment. It has pulled in enthusiasm of the world because of simple development factors and exceptionally nutritious component. It offers best protein creation including lysine, histidine, cystine and methionine. Oat starch has greater size granules when contrasted with quinoa starch granule. It is increasingly thick. The plant is best appropriate for modern use. The plant is included saponins, which is an unpleasant compound and these can without much of a stretch be evacuated by scraped area and washing before utilizing it. An investigation demonstrated that plant could develop well in less prolific soil (Galway, 1992). Chenopodium Quinoa has one pivotal part of intrigue, that is, the lysine content, which is definitely not a typical supplement in other plant species. The development of this yearly herb produces panicle, which contains some little seeds called achenes (Jacobsen, 1997). The seeds created are round, little and level with pigmentation running from red to white. The shade of the seeds differs starting with one biological system then onto the next on account of the climatic abberations in the districts where it is developed. It has a broad root framework transcendently enslaved by taproots that help the branchy stem. The plant develops to statures of between sixty to one hundred and twenty five centimeters. The nourishment crop is found in territories with unforgiving natural conditions, for example, high mountain fields, generally moderate fruitful valley regions, beach front backwoods, and basic regions (Burton and Bo, 2005). For this situation the ideal area is Umatilla County, which is one of the agronomically rich territories in the State. The prevalent condition in the Hermiston territory changes quickly; henceforth the need to develop safe harvests that are not reliant on stable ecological conditions (Van de Fliert and Ann, 2002). Besides since the IPCC (1990) was distributed, broad endeavors have been gotten to enable our agribusiness to adjust to the environmental change on the grounds that the last has profound biophysical impacts on crop yield, soil and water assets (Antle, 2009) and hence quinoa is the ideal harvest to be developed not just for its differed utilizes and remarkable nutritive worth yet in addition since it is an exceptionally versatile yield (.(Del Castillo et al., 2007) Farmers in the area are accustomed to developing natural plants, which is a bit of leeway as next to no is known on the Quinoa crop. The plant doesn't require an enormous region for first endeavors development. This has impacted my choice to present Quinoa in Hermiston re gion and measure its pace of reception inside the system of the well known hypothesis of Diffusion presented by famous humanist E, Rogers. The hypothesis intends to the procedures through which an advancement is spread through and embraced by a specific network. The hypothesis of Innovation expresses that the pace of selection is guided by a few factors. These factors incorporate apparent traits of advancement, methods for correspondence or correspondence channels, kind of development choice, nature of social framework and degree of limited time endeavors. The pace of reception legitimately relies upon every one of these factors (Rogers, 2003). Pace of reception is additionally reliant on another factor known as similarity. As per Rogers (2003), similarity is the proportion of the degree up to which a specific development is predictable with the qualities, past encounters and potential.

How to Write a Research Paper Outline (2 easy approaches)

How to Write a Research Paper Outline (2 easy approaches) There are many types of research papers.   In this article we’ll discuss two basic approaches.   The first is the general research paper outline.   It consists of the standard introduction, body, and conclusion.   The second is the more rigorous research paper outline.   It breaks down how a longer research paper should look—such as a thesis or dissertation with chapters and headings. Research Paper Format Approach #1:   The General Outline The general research paper outline consists of an introduction with a thesis statement, the body of the paper, and a conclusion with a recap of your main points. The introduction should not be any longer than 200-250 words.   It should provide some background information as well as the purpose of your paper.   Be sure to give an idea of how you will make your points or what sources your information is based on. The body should consist of at least 3 paragraphs.   Each paragraph should focus on making one point to help support your thesis.   Use transition words and phrases to link the paragraphs together and help your paper move from one idea to the next. The conclusion should be a succinct summary of your paper and the main idea.   You can restate the thesis is new words and also provide a rundown of your main points.   It’s also an opportunity to leave your audience with a final thought.   You should not introduce any new ideas or arguments in your conclusion. A basic outline would look like this: I.   INTRODUCTION a.   Use a hook (an interesting fact or idea) or a good question to grab the reader’s attention. b.   Give some background on the topic you have researched. c.   Tell the reader what your paper will do/show—this is your thesis. i.   Include some info on what sources you use. ii.   Also give an idea of the process that your paper will take. II.   BODY a.   Use at least 3 paragraphs to support your thesis (main idea). b.   Each paragraph should focus on one unique point or idea in support of the paper’s overall purpose. c.   Use transitions to link one paragraph to the next. III.   CONCLUSION a.   Restate the thesis in new words. b.   Recap the findings of the research paper. Approach #2:   The Longer Research Paper A longer research paper, such as a dissertation, will typically have chapters that cover a lot more ground on specific subjects within the report.   Dissertations can be dozens of pages long.   For quantitative research (such as in the natural or physical sciences), the following format is quite regular and is typically based on addressing some gap in literature.   For qualitative research, the papers are less dependent upon existent literature and more focused on theoretical approaches.   The following outline is best suited for quantitative or mixed-methods research, though it can also be applied to qualitative research papers as well. There are commonly 5 parts or chapters to the long research paper or dissertation.   Not every paper will be for the same discipline, so the way in which they are set up will vary.   However, typically, there are chapters for each of the following areas:   1) Introduction, 2) Literature Review, 3) Methodology, 4) Findings, and 5) Discussion.   If you locate a scholarly article from an online database, it usually follows this same format—so you can have a look for yourself.   An abstract is also commonly included and so is a reference page where all the sources used are listed.   There are often as many sources used as there are pages and sometimes more! Let’s break it down and have a closer look at the research paper format for the longer report. I.   TITLE PAGE II.   ABSTRACT III.   INTRODUCTION IV.   LITERATURE REVIEW V.   METHODOLOGY VI.   FINDINGS VII.   DISCUSSION We’ll look at each one individually and explain how they all work step by step. Title Page The title page comes first and it will be set up according to APA, MLA, Chicago or Harvard methods.   (These are the most common styles but there are others, such as Bluebook—be sure to check with your professor to see which style you should use if you’re uncertain). The title page will be a standalone page that provides information about the author of the work (you) as well as the school and class for which it is written.   The proper format for this can be obtained Purdue OWL—see some of their examples here. Abstract The abstract is a brief synopsis of the paper that follows.   It should explain what the subject is, what the thesis is, which methodology is used, what the findings are, and what conclusions are drawn.   The average abstract is about 150-200 words long. Introduction The introduction chapter should set the stage.   In it you will want to include several items, each with their own subheading such as: Background (give info that sets up the nature of the study) Problem Statement (identify the problem or gap in literature that needs to be addressed) Purpose Statement (state the purpose of your paper) Hypothesis (if there is one) Theoretical Framework (what theory are you using to approach the subject for analysis) Limitations (what are the limitations of your study) Chapter Breakdown (how will the research paper proceed—identify what is to come in each successive chapter) Literature Review For a quantitative study, the literature review is one of the most important parts.   Your research will be guided by it and your study will attempt to fill some gap in the literature—some problem that has not yet been addressed.   If you’re conducting a qualitative study, the literature review will serve more of a background filling-out purpose.   It will help explain your theoretical approach.   You’ll want to use as many scholarly sources as you can find to make your literature review extra rich and meaningful. Methodology The methodology section should be used to explain the exact method used to collect data for the research paper.   If the study is a meta-analysis of literature, for example, you would explain how you selected the literature reviewed for the paper—what keywords you used, how you filtered articles out, what you assessed them for, and so on.   If you are surveying subjects, you would describe how you found your participants, what your survey consisted of, and how you analyzed the findings. Findings The chapter on findings is where you tell what you found when you analyzed the data you obtained in your research.   You do not give any opinions or present any conclusions in this chapter.   Here you simply say what was revealed when you looked at the information you retrieved.   The next chapter is where you would discuss what the findings mean. Discussion In this chapter you would talk about the meaning of the results from the previous chapter.   Here is where you offer up opinions or conclusions regarding the findings.   You can discuss how they compare with your hypothesis or attempt to explain them in the light of your theoretical framework.   You can also offer recommendations for future research based on the findings and the conclusions you draw from them. Research Paper Outline Examples Example 1 Approach #1:   The General Outline Topic:   The Anti-Federalist Perspective I.   Introduction a.   In 1787, Americans had to decide whether they wanted a central government or a loose federation of states, with each state its own government. b.   The Federalists argued for a central government. c.   The Anti-Federalists argued for state governments. d.   This paper will examine the history of America in the 200+ years that have passed in order to assess which side of the debate has been proven correct. II.   Body a.   The Federalists argued that states would fight among themselves and get the Union entangled in foreign wars without a strong central government to keep watch over them. i.   This has obviously not come true. ii.   Just the opposite has happened: the central government has had the Union entangled in foreign wars almost non-stop for at least the past century. b.   The Federalists mainly consisted of big business types who argued that the Constitution should be ratified to help regulate society, politics and the economy i.   The Constitution essentially served as a means of handcuffing local authority, small business, and rural farmers. ii.   The keys to government were handed over to the Federal Reserve in 1913: they were given the power to print the nation’s currency and lend it to the government at interest. c.   Needless to say, the Federalists favored central banks. i.   Central banks have been the main catalysts for economic crises unlike anything ever seen. ii.   Today’s zombie economy is a direct result of central bank intervention and unconventional monetary policy. iii.   The Anti-Federalists opposed central banks and believed states should be stewards of their own coin and able spend money as they saw fit. III.   Conclusion a.   Today’s problems are the direct result of Federalist ideas. b.   The Anti-Federalists were correct to warn Americans about what would happen should the Federalists gain power. What they have predicted has come true. Example 2 Approach #2:   The Longer Research Paper Outline (for a Dissertation) Topic:   Is social media a good tool for business? I.   Introduction a.   Problem Statement: Social media is a revolutionary new Internet tool that allows people to connect and share information instantaneously.   There is little research available, however, on whether it can be used to support business aims. b.   Purpose Statement: This paper will use the survey method to obtain data for business managers about their social media usage. c.   Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that most business managers will use social media but that the advantage of doing so is not very well documented. d.   Limitations: This study is limited in terms of time and scope.   It was only able to interview six business managers, which is not a significant sample size. e.   Chapter Breakdown: The following chapters include a literature review, a methodology section, a chapter on findings, and a conclusion in which the findings are discussed and recommendations made. II.   Literature Review a.   Studies that discuss business use of social media will be reviewed and discussed in this chapter. III.   Methodology a.   The survey method used will be described. b.   How participants were chosen will also be discussed. c.   The survey questions will mentioned and included in the Appendix. d.   How the survey questions will be analyzed should be described as well. IV.   Findings a.   Findings from the survey should be described here. b.   Tables and graphs can be included to help the reader visualize the data. c.   Any measurements described in your methodology (such as correlation) should also be included. V.   Discussion a.   What do the findings mean? b.   Provide an explanation of why the results show what they did. c.   Offer recommendations for future research—how researchers can build on your study. Conclusion When writing a research paper outline there are a few things to keep in mind: Use your introduction wisely. Whether you are writing a longer research paper or a shorter one, the introduction is where you provide some background on the subject you will be writing about.   Let the reader know up front what your position is, how you will make your points, and where your paper is heading. Load up on resources. The more references you have to show support for your point, the better your research paper will be. Use the body of your outline to go into the particulars of your research subject. Use one paragraph per topic in a shorter research paper, or one chapter per area for a longer research paper. Go over the main points again in your conclusion or discussion section. Offer recommendations for further research if there is space in your paper to do so. Provide an abstract—a brief synopsis of your research—in roughly 200 words (half a page). This is a must for longer research papers but not always needed for shorter papers. Always follow the rubrics you are given by your professor! Your outline is like a road map, so use it as a reference for when you go to write your paper! View a research paper example to see a full completed version and to use as a guideline Helpful Hints and Reminders: Always construct an outline before you begin writing. Produce an outline that is comparable to the scale of your paper. Revise your outline as needed; if you do more research, let it reflect in your revision. Be mindful of your sources when drafting your outline: plug them in where needed and be sure to cite them when finished! If you need further assistance on how to write a research paper, check out this article.